The Gender Differences in Negotiation Styles

Introduction Negotiation is one of the most skills in the corporate world. It is a skill that would be needed in every department of the firm. As Downs (2008) notes, an organization cannot move if it lacks individuals who are able to properly negotiate on its behalf. Internally, various departments may need to negotiate over various issues.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Gender Differences in Negotiation Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketing department would need to convince the finance unit to allocate it enough finance to support various financial obligations it has to undertake. Similarly, the production unit would need a close coordination with the procurement and logistics unit on the flow of raw materials into the firm, and transportation of the manufactured products to the desired destinations. Individuals within the firm would also need to negotiate when they find themselves in competitive situations. Externally, organizations are involved in negotiations almost on a daily basis. The procurement unit must negotiate for quality raw materials at a cheaper price, while the marketing department would look for a better market for the firm’s product. It would require success from all the departments and individuals concerned for the organization to ensure overall success in its endeavors. Negotiation has seen a shift from what it used to be before. According to Adam and Healy (2000), unlike before when most negotiation’s ultimate end would be a win-lose situation, currently negotiations are aimed at a win-win scenario. Both parties involved should come out of the negotiation with what he or she desired, or a compromise that would be satisfactory to them. However, most discussions today still end in a win-lose situation, a fact that has seen many organizations focus on having the best team to negotiate their dealings. Both men and women comprise such team of negotiators. According to Fifield (2007) the society has changed from what used to be a highly patriarchal world, to a more liberal one where both genders feel equal to each other. Many women have since become as successful in the corporate world as men. Despite these positive changes, the two genders still exhibit differences in many set ups.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The notion that men are the dominant group over women is still held in various quarters. Many individuals still believe that men still have more authority than women in most of the decision making practices. Ward (1999) singles out Saudi Arabia where women have to seek permission from men before making serious decisions in life. Inasmuch as the Saudi case is extreme, many societies, even in the developed democracies still have a difficulty in accepting that the two genders are pr etty much equal when it comes to issues about decision making. In negotiations, both the genders have registered marked differences in their ability to make dealings that are beneficial to them. There have been divergent views as to which gender is more superior in decision making and what each uses to ensure that they are successful in their decision making processes. Different scholars have different ideas as to which of the two genders are better positioned to negotiate successfully for the firm. This paper seeks to investigate differences in negotiation between men and women. Literature Review Negotiation as a skill in the corporate world has raised a lot of concern from different quarters. This has seen scholars focus their attention to it. Of interest has been the difference in negotiation between the two genders. According to Weiss (1994) men are better placed to negotiate than women. This scholar says that men have the advantage of the perception the society has towards them . Many societies still believe that men are superior to women. For this reason, they have a strong basis to negotiate, as compared to women. Anderson (2004) supports this idea. According to this scholar, women are still chained by the manacles of inferiority that was placed on them by the society of the aging population. Although the current population is more liberal and treats both genders equally, it is still evident that women have remained the inferior sex. They get into the negotiation knowing that they would lose if they are to face a man.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Gender Differences in Negotiation Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The society has taught them to be submissive towards men, and this would be the mentality they transfer to such discussion. As such, they become more relaxed and prone to accepting the demands of the other party at their own expense. Bruce and Pepitone (1998) say that men are very aggressive and therefore better positioned to win negotiations. Men, unlike women, always believe in getting what they want. They would get into the negotiation table ready to grab any opportunity that would make him win the negotiation. They do not care what happens to the other party, and are less concerned if such success would break the good relationship that existed between them. Women are different, as Goel (2008) observes. This scholar says that women treasure relationships. They would rather lose the bargain but ensure that they retain positive relationship between her and the other party. As such, it would be easy to take advantage of them and win a negotiation over them. The moment negotiation becomes emotional, they would tend to relax and give in to the demands of the other party. This makes them less effective negotiators. Men are risk takers. In a negotiation, this is a very important skill. As Griffin and Moorhead (2009), negotiation requi res one to be a risk taker. They should be ready for any eventuality. According to these scholars, men would get on the negotiation table with a clear mind and ready to lose the anything but win the negotiation. Women behave contrary to this. Before anything else, their dignity matters. Anything that would jeopardize this would be avoided at all cost. When they get into the negotiation, they would always remember to be decorum and avoid scenarios that would make her be seen as too aggressive. This scholar refers to them as risk averters. When the debate gets too hot, they would rather be fence sitters, than face the whole process heads up. However, other scholars have had different opinion to the above scholars. These scholars believe that women are better negotiators than women.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Wong (2000), women are better listeners. They would take their time to listen to what the other party is saying. They would internalize it before coming up with its response. This makes them better party in a logical argument. Should they be faced by an individual who is in a rush to reach conclusion, she can use the other parties own words to win the negotiation. Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias (1992) agree with this scholar. They say that men are always in a rush. They want things done their way, but in a quick-fix manner. As such, they may make binding statements that can easily be used against them. They would lose the negotiation not because they are not good negotiators, but because are always in a rush to win the debate. Fisher, Ury and Patton (1991) argue that with the focus of negotiation changing to a win-win process, women stand a better chance of winning a negotiation than men. Women would always get into a negotiation with the aim of building relationships. They treasure relationships so much and their ultimate goal is to develop a bond that would last for a long period. Men on the other hand, aim at winning the negotiation at all costs. This would be at the expense of the good relationship that would have been developed if both parties were to leave the negotiation table satisfied. Lewicki, Barry and Saunders (2009) support this idea. They say that the current world needs a sustainable relationship with other firms if they are to succeed in the operation. The world is changing from antagonistic kind of competition to a collaborative competition. Firms need to cooperate with each other. Internally, departments and individuals must work collaboratively if they expect good results from their combined force. The moment one party manipulates the other and emerges the winner in a negotiation, trust would be lost, and the party that lost the negotiation would avoid any activity that would bind it to the other party. If this happens within t he firm, it would risk a stalemate as there would be no cooperation. If this was between one firm and another (supplier or the customer), the relationship would be broken completely and there would be no chance of developing any gainful relationship. Women have one feature that Ury (1991) observes that may make them win many negotiations. According to this scholar, women are ‘flowery’, a fact that has seen them easily win some tough debates. This scholar says that debates are not won through tough talking and commanding voice. However, it is won by wining one’s heart, by making one relax his or her stand, by making an individual be able to let go some of the demands he or she had, and letting them appreciate that there is need to have both parties satisfied with the outcome of the negotiation. Men lack this ability by nature. They would like to be seen as the superior party, always pushing their agenda without paying attention to the needs of the other party. Thi s may only have the effect of intimidating the other party, and if the other party fails to get intimidated, then possibilities of the discussion running into a stalemate is very high. A woman on the other hand, will come with a calm disarming voice that would make the other party drop his guard. At such circumstances, it would be easy to manipulate the other party, but because they always have the need to develop lasting relationship in their mind, they would ensure that they have as much as they think the other party should have. Discussion Negotiation is a very important tool in the current society. The ability to negotiate over various issues is one of the most important tools that an organization must have in the current corporate world. The corporate world has gotten more competitive. In every sector, there is competition. Even organizations that were previously thought to be immune to competition like non-profit making organizations currently find themselves in a neck break c ompetition. They are competing to position themselves as the better providers of the services they provide in order to win the heart of the financers, and the acceptance of the receivers of their service. As such, negotiation is a tool that cannot be neglected at whatever cost, irrespective of the organization, or at a personal level. Both men and women are differently positioned to win a negotiation based on different factors. Without considering other factors that both genders may have in common for example age, education level, income level, experience in the concerned field, authority commanded, and such other factors, the two genders would have different capabilities to negotiate. They both have some inherent characteristics that would make them pass as either poor negotiators or otherwise. Men as Successful Negotiators Men for a long period have been the dominant gender. In a negotiation process, there are several characteristics that would be required of a negotiator is they are to win the negotiation. One such characteristic is emotional control. Men are able to control their emotions. In a discussion, at times tempers may rise during the deliberation. One party would feel that the other is deliberately avoiding the focus of discussion and shifting to irrelevant things that would yield them unfair advantage. In such cases, tempers may rise and heated exchanges may arise. This is a very delicate process that requires deed emotional control if the process is to be ultimately successful. Men are able to control, and then compose themselves, ready for a successful process to be started. This is contrary to what women would do. Should such serious exchanges occur, and in case the exchanges involved abusive language or actions, they would completely be withdrawn to themselves, and it would be nearly impossible to bring them back to the negotiation again. Men believe in themselves. This is a very important tool in a negotiation process. In a negotiation, the most important thing is to make the other party convinced that one’s argument is correct and beneficial to all. To make the other party believe that what one is saying has validity and that it is not a wild guess or a trial and error kind of a thought. To achieve this, there is need to demonstrate to the other party that one has a deep understanding of the issue at hand and that what he or she is talking about is an assurance on its own. This would call for confidence on the side of the negotiator. As Watkins (2002) says, other people should be able to read confidence in the face and speech of the negotiator. They should be convinced that what is being put forth has the benefits they claim to offer. Women are a little poor in this as compared to men. They would appear timid, or in some cases, a little in doubt. If subjected to tough questions, they can easily lose focus of the discussion because they lack composure. This would make them vulnerable. Men are risk takes, as note d in the above review of literature. As such, they stand better chance of engaging in discussion that may appear to harbor some risks in case one looses the discussion. They are persevering and easily forgiving. This puts them at a better chance of winning a debate. Men as Poor Negotiators Men may also pass as poor negotiators. One main undoing of men in a negotiation process is their attempt to emerge the winner at whichever cost. This may involve becoming manipulative, a fact that may make the other party harden their stance. Anyone would want to be tougher if they realize that the other party in a negotiation is trying to be manipulative. They would make the conditions harder and this would break up the entire negotiation process. Men also lack patience. In a negotiation process, an individual should exercise some degree of patience and be willing to listen to the other party if both are to meet at a compromise. Women as Good Negotiators Women are becoming more and more relevant in the corporate world. They have been considered as better negotiators than men because of their ability to give other parties a listening ear. This is a very important tool in winning a negotiation. Women has the ability to be patient and listen to what the other party has to say. This would ensure that they absorb and weigh the other party’s basis of reasoning against their own. This would ensure success in the discussion in the discussion because they would try to be rational in the entire process of discussion. The other party would see that this party is making an effort to make the process a success, and they would try to reciprocate. The ultimate result would be a success in the entire process. The corporate world currently requires a collaborative approach to discussion. In a negotiation, there is need to have both parties satisfied with the outcome in order to build a lasting relationship. Women are better position to do this because they always approach such discus sions with open minds. They always aim at building relationship in such discussions; their discussions would always result in a lasting relationship with the other party. Women as Poor Negotiators Although they exhibit good negotiation skills, women have some characteristics that may see them pass as poor negotiators. One such characteristic is that they are emotional. They may take issue at personal level during negotiations. They can easily get emotional during the process of negotiation, thereby breaking the whole process of communication. Women are also not assertive. In most of the cases, they lack self confidence that would see them win such discussions. Conclusion Negotiation is one of the most important tools in the corporate world. Individuals need this skill in order to succeed in various aspects of life. In the set up of an organization, negotiation would be needed both within the organization and outside. There has been a shift in the approach to negotiations. Unlike bef ore when negotiation was a win-lose scenario, current negotiations would always end in a win-win situation. Men and women have different capacities to communicate. They both have their weaknesses and their strength that make them either poor communicator. As at now, it would be true to say that on a comparative basis, men are better negotiators than women. However, with the shift moving to the need to create a lasting relationship from the negotiation, women would stand a better chance of being better negotiators for they always have in their mind the need to develop relationship from such discussions. References Adam, F. Healy, M. (2000). A Practical Guide to Postgraduate Research. Dublin: Blackhall Publishing. Anderson, P. (2004). Research Methods in Human Resource Management, Chattered London: Institute of Personell Management Publishing. Bruce, A. Pepitone, J. (1998). Motivating Employees. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Downs, L. (2008). Negotiation Skills Training. New Y ork: American Society for Training and Development. Fifield, P. (2007). Marketing Strategy: The Difference between Marketing and Markets. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. Fisher, R., Ury, W. Patton, B. (1991).Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, Issue 4. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Frankfort-Nachmias, C. Nachmias, D. (1992). Research Methods in the Social Sciences. London: Edward Arnold. Goel, D. (2008). Performance Appraisal and Compensation Management: A Modern Approach. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Griffin, W. Moorhead, G. (2009). Organisational Behaviour: Managing People and Organisations. Mason: Cengage learning. Lewicki, R., Barry, B., Saunders, D. (2009). Negotiation. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ury, W. (1991). Getting Past No: Negotiating Your Way from Confrontation to Cooperation. New York: Bantam Books. Ward, K. (1999). Cyber-ethnography, and the emergence of the virtually new community. Journal of Information Technology. 14: 9 5-105. Watkins, M. (2002). Breakthrough Business Negotiation: A Toolbox for Managers. New York: John Wiley Sons. Weiss, R. (1994). Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: The Free Press. Wong, R. (2000). Motivation: A behavioural Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press. This research paper on The Gender Differences in Negotiation Styles was written and submitted by user Giselle H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Glitazones activate ÃŽ ³-peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and which can reduce insulin resistance. Repaglinide increases insulin release from pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cells [9]. Glycaemic control efforts should involve quarterly glycated haemoglobin assessments, routine monitoring of daily blood glucose values and combination therapy that targets both fasting and post prandial hyperglycaemia. The lifetime strategy for diabetes management might involve aggressive efforts to control glycaemia daily and early in type 2 diabetes, with less stringent glucose targets and avoidance of hypoglycaemia as possibility of comorbidities, such as advanced cardiovascular disease and renal impairment [8, 14, 16, and 20]. References 1] Khattab, M. et Al. [2010] Factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 24, 84-89. [Accessed 12th February 2015]. 2] Almutairi, A.M. et Al. [2013] Predictors of poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetic patients. American Journal of Medical Sciences, 3 (2), 17-21. [Accesses 12th February 2015]. 3] Blackburn, F D., Swidrovich, J., Lemstra, M. [2013] Nonadherence in type 2 diabetes, practical consideration for interpreting the literature. Patient Preference and Adherence, 7, 183-189. [Accessed 12th February 2015]. 4] Di Bonaventura, M. et Al. [2014] The association between nonadherence and glycated haemoglobin among type 2 diabetes patients using basal insulin analogs. Patient Preference and Adherence, 8, 873-882. [Accessed 11th February 2015]. 5] Moreira, Jr. D E. et Al. [2013] Glycemic control and diabetes management in hospitalized patients in Brazil. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome, 5, 62. Available from: http://www.dmsjournal.com/content/5/1/62 [Accessed 11th February 2015]. 6] Schmeltz, R.L. et Al. [2011] Management of inpatient hyperglycemia. Lab Med, 42 (2), 427-434. Available from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/744866_4 [Accessed 13th February]. 7] Fowler, J. M. et Al. [2011] Pitfalls in outpatient diabetes management and inpatient glycemic control. Clinical. Diabetes Journal.Org, 29 (2), 79-85. Available from: http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/2/79.full [Accessed 13th February 2015]. 8] Clarke, S. F. and Foster, J.R. [2012] A history of blood glucose meters and their role in self-monitoring of diabetes mellitus. British Journal of Biomedical Science, 69 (2), 83-93. [Accessed 13th February 2015]. 9] Crook, M.A. (2006) Clinical biochemistry. 7th ed. Hodder Arnold 10] Walker, S., Beckett, G., Rae, P. and Ashby, P. (2010) Lecture notes on clinical biochemistry. 8th ed. Wiley – Blackwell. 11] Marshall, WJ. and Bangert, SK. (2004) Clinical chemistry. 5th ed. Mosby 12] Idonije, O. B. et Al [2011] Plasma glucose, creatinine and urea levels in type 2 diabetic patients attending a Nigerian teaching hospital. Research Journal of Medical Sciences, 5 (1), 1-3. Available from: http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/?doi=rjmsci.2011.1.3 [Accessed 13th February 2015]. 13] Alao, O. et Al. [2009] Cardiovascular risk factors among diabetic patients attending a Nigerian teaching hospital. The Internet Journal of Endocrinology, 6 (1), 1-8. Available from: https://ispub.com/IJEN/6/1/11009 [Accessed 13th February 2015]. 14] The management of type 2 diabetes [2014] NICE clinical guidelines 87. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg87 [Accessed 13th February 2015]. 15] Wallace, T. M and Matthews, D. R. [2000] Poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a conspiracy of disease, suboptimal therapy and attitude. The Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 93, 369-374. [Accessed 13th February 2015]. 16] Goud B. K, M. et Al. [2011] Serum urea, creatinine in relation to fasting plasma glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 1 (3), 279-283. [Accessed 13th February 2015]. 17] Pesce, J. A. and Kaplan, A. L. [1987] Methods in Clinical Chemistry. Mosby. 18] Diabetic ketoacidosis. Information about DKA. Patient.co.uk. Available from: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/diabeticketoacidosis [Accessed 14th February 2015]. 19] Tight diabetic control. American Diabetes Association. Available from: http://www.diabetes.org/livingwithdiabetes/treatmentandcare/bloodglucosecontrol/tightdiabetescontrol.html [Accessed 14th February 2015]. 20] Ousman, MD. Y. and Sharma, MD. M. [2001] The irrefutable importance of glycemic control. Clinical Diabetes Journal.Org, 19 (2), 71-72. Available from: http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/content/19/2/71.full [Accessed 14th February 2015]. 21] Bode, BW. [2009] Defining the importance of daily glycemic control and implications for type 2 diabetes management. Postgrad Med., 121 (5), 82-93. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19820277 [Accessed 14th February 2015]. 22] Weiner, D. Water regulation and osmolality. Available from: http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/33/497472.pdf [Accessed 17th February 2015]

Quilting - Foxes in the Poetry of Lucille Clifton Essay example -- Bio

Quilting - Foxes in the Poetry of Lucille Clifton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In 1942 Virginia Woolf read a paper to the Women’s Service League about "The Angel in the House." For Woolf, this "Angel" represented the voice in the back of the mind of a woman that was saying, "Never let anybody guess that you have a mind of your own" (1346). During Woolf’s time a woman was not supposed to write critically. Rather, a woman was supposed to "be sympathetic; be tender; flatter; deceive; use all the arts and wiles of her sex." Woolf writes of the need to "kill" this angel. She says, "Had I not killed her, she would have killed me" (1346). Thankfully today it is no longer considered improper for a woman to write critically and truthfully, but Lucille Clifton has her own "angel to kill" in some of her poetry. Clifton is a woman artist who uses her past experiences and those of her ancestors to write her poetry. Clifton uses the ideas of light and foxes to convey the joy she finds in being a woman poet, as well as the fear that an artist sometimes feels when first struck with an idea for a poem. The poems "telling our stories" and "the coming of fox" reveal the feelings of fear an artist may have when creating a work. In "telling our stories" Clifton compares a fox to a poet: the fox came every evening to my door asking for nothing. my fear trapped me inside, hoping to dismiss her but she sat till morning, waiting. at dawn we would, each of us, rise from our haunches, look through the glass then walk away. did she gather her village around her and sing of the hairless moon face, the trembling snout, the ignorant eyes? child, i tell you now it was not the animal blood i was hiding from, it was the poet in her, the poet and the terrib... ...ht some "terrible stories." By bringing to light these "terrible stories" a poet in effect slays the "angels" that kept her from writing. Every author has his/her own "angel" to slay. Lucille Clifton sees past the fear she has about what she might write about using her gift of poetry to "slay her angel." Works Cited Clifton, Lucille. Good Woman: Poems and a Memoir: 1969-1980. Rochester, NY: BOA, 1987. ---. Quilting: Poems 1987-1990. Rochester, NY: BOA, 1991. ---. The Terrible Stories. Brockport, NY: BOA, 1996. Rushing, Andrea Benton. "Lucille Clifton: A Changing Voice for Changing Times." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc, 1991. 79-81. Woolf, Virginia. "Professions for Women." The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women. Ed. Sandra M. Gilbert and S. Gubar. New York, NY: Norton, 1996. 1345-48.   

Ottoman and Safavid

In the late Islamic period (16th -18th), perhaps even more so than in preceding periods, art was an instrument of dynastic expression in this great age of empires. Spurred by royal patronage, the arts flourished under the Ottomans and Safavids. Ottoman art was a vibrant synthesis of Turkish and Persian-Islamic, Byzantine, and Mediterranean culture and styles through conquest, through direct invitation of artisans, or through the migration of peoples.The Ottoman Turks were renowned for their architecture, as well as for their traditions of calligraphy and miniature painting. They were also renowned for their decorative arts including carpet weaving, jewelry making, paper marbling, and their characteristic Iznik ware ceramics. The Ottomans promoted themselves as the defenders of Islam, and this explains why their public art includes a rich variety of ornamental designs but no human figures. Plant- and flower-based patterns were the most common.Observing Iznik ceramics, a superficial ab straction is dominant in the naturalistic plant designs. Besides, around 16th century Ottoman Miniature Art reached its peak. The Miniatures and illuminated manuscripts were created largely for the emperors, with their focus mostly on the important and powerful figures in their retinues. A unique feature of Ottoman Miniature was that it depicted the actual events realistically, while also keeping the abstract formal expressive touch of the traditional Islamic Art.The Safavid style developed in Iran from 1500, when the country was re-united under the dynasty of this name. Unlike their Ottoman neighbors, the Safavids had no qualms about depicting human beings in all forms of art. These figures became an unusually prominent feature of the Safavid style. Depictions of elegant young men and women, often shown in outdoor settings, adorned many objects, from clothing to the bindings of manuscripts. One of the most renowned manuscripts from the period is a now-dispersed copy of the Shahnama epic.Also textiles and carpets were manufactured of luxury materials as furnishings for the court. The most famous is a pair known as the Ardabil Carpets, created in 1539-1540. The carpets were nearly identical, perfectly symmetrical and enormous. Every inch of space was filled with flowers, scrolling vines, and medallions. Although the central medallion and the repeating patterns throughout the carpet is similar to Ottoman but the Ardabil carpets have A wide range of colors than Ottoman’s which is heavily dependent on reds and blues.

Client Needs Analysis Essays

Client Needs Analysis Essays Client Needs Analysis Essay Client Needs Analysis Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Client Needs Analysis 1. Introduction Currently, learning goes on everyday and everywhere. However, the formal learning is evaluated through examination. Examinations require a lot of work, starting from issuing of the examination, marking and compiling results for the students. With the increase in number of students and amount of work going up, this becomes quite hard. However, with the advancement of information technology, examination can be done online and results marked immediately to produce the score as soon as possible. Therefore, examinations being part of the learning process where normally students sit for them in classes, with information technology they can be taken from anywhere, and instead of waiting for long before results are out, they can also be gotten immediately after examination is done. Thus, it shortens the time it takes to take an exam and get results. However, to do this, it requires a strong software and program to support the whole process. The testing system should be in a position to: maintain a stock of multiple choice questions as well as answers, identify students’ details, and randomly generate tests on any subject area. The system should also be in a position to take answers from the students to the tests issued and store them as well as mark the results and generate reports while it notifies students of their results. The system should also keep all record of he tests including re-sit tests and the results. The documentation of the above-described systems is as follows. 2. Documentation The online testing system is a web-based application, which can be modified as well as customized in accordance to needs of any education institution. The software is designed to conduct tests or examinations to students from teachers without having them in examination rooms, for examinations such as admission exams, and it is time efficient. It provides a fully automated web-based tests software, online registration of students, automated creations of random questions tests, and a centralized control for the administrator. The system works by maintaining details of each student and provides an option of editing details when necessary. Each student has a password for accessing answers sheet, results and tests. The password is stored in the database in an encrypted form (MD5 hash) and provides authentication through sessions. Students can apply for their examinations and tests through the internet. The applications are evaluated and admissions from the qualified students are sent back to them. The candidates register for the tests, and after taking them, they send them in to wait for results. The examiners issues the results after the tests are submitted, and send back the results. This is an aim to reduce costs of examinations as well as time taken for examinations, resulting in efficacy of taking examinations. 2.1. Features of the system The system has many features considering most of the operations and applications can be customized depending on each individual institution. The features of the product or the necessities provided by the system are as listed below access of the database from anywhere anytime A question database built specifically for issuing tests and examinations, where the exams can be timed or un-timed. This requires one to answer questions within a specified time for the timed questions. an easy to navigate exam formatted database Administrators can upload questions to the database any time from anywhere The database generates the examinations automatically and randomly depending on student selection There is an option for editing, deleting or even re-using the tests whenever needed. study materials can be uploaded by the administrator for reference by the students students are in a position to view their results online through their passwords it offers a discussion boars for students to discuss issues and challenges Administrators are able to maintain blogs that can regularly update students on new studies as well as issues to look out. Students can post their questions on the blogs for the teachers to respond. This can also be posted to the discussion board for other students to contribute. Quantitative data can be gotten from the results since compiling and deriving graphs is easier, and any trend can be noted. The graphs can be for certain purposes such as showing how many students passed in the individual assessments, number of students passing in topical tests among others. It can offer an analysis through different parameters or even combine several parameters to make an analysis of students by the administrators. 2.2. Users This system is meant for students as the biggest user and the teachers, educators, and administrators. Students use the system for taking tests that otherwise would have to be taken in class or in examination rooms. The students will need to have access to the internet and have profiles in the database through which to access the examinations. The teachers on the other hand are the ones to upload the questions and answers to the database. They also require good skills in computers and languages in order to post what students can understand. Administrators and educators can use the system in the same way. The users of this system are not required to have technical knowledge of the system since all that is required is uploading and accessing information for the teachers and students. 2.3. Environment of Operation To make it possible to access the database from anywhere, it will require the system to run on the web, meaning users will access it using their browsers such as the Mozilla Firefox. Therefore, the system should be capable of running from any remote device of students or teachers using connection to the internet. However, this will be dependent on where the data is stored, whether in a local server, or external server. For a local server, the program will be run through a local machine that all can have access. However, for an external one, it will require using the browser. It will also be through ASP.Net, the 3.5 HTML versions together with JavaScript. The software can run by the Pentium 4 2.4 GHz hardware, with Windows Vista, or nay other compatible Windows such as SQL server 2008 Express Edition to be used as the database system while the development environment can be the 2008 visual studio. This can be used together with an inbuilt Microsoft Internet Information Services server in the whole process. 2.4. System requirements The interface of the external server can be designed using standard tools of the 2008 Microsoft Visual Studio Professional Edition. Macromedia Flash components contained in some interfaces could also be used, as well as message boxes where error messages can be shown. The hardware has also its requirements in order for the system to work with ease as listed below. there has to be a CPU, Central Processing Unit contained in a personal computer or a laptop, which is internal. A monitor for the CPU has to be present to show the information gotten by the computer. There has to be a keyboard and a mouse used for entering data and highlighting specific places on the monitor to issue commands to the computer. A printer could also be needed in case one needed to keep record of their results. Any printer as long as it is compatible with the computer in use it is okay. The other requirements are the software ones, which include the Microsoft Windows software, which could either be he 95, 98, XP Vista, and all the OS Microsoft windows. The system is compatible with most of the Microsoft software programs. The other software requirement is the ASP.Net. In addition, for the system, to work it requires some communication software, which can be the World Wide Web browsers, such as the Mozilla, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Opera among others that are available. In addition to this, SMTP server and LAN Connection is required There are some non-functional requirements for the system that are designed to ensure quality and efficiency among the users. One of them is the performance requirement that requires the system to be capable of allowing access to its users, and synchronizing each user’s information with the database. Other requirements include security, where the system is supposed to ensure that only those with access can have access to the database, and no students can access the results of another student.

Memories of the Civil War essays

Memories of the Civil War essays My name is Henry Campbell, and I have just enlisted in the Union Army! But first, let me tell you a little bit about myself. I was born in Muncle, Indiana, June 20th, 1842. Right now I am 19 years of age and have been assigned as Corporal of the Indiana Light Battery, because of my good leadership, courage, and a strong lust for war. My parents are Harvey and Janet Campbell, and before the war had started, we ran a successful dry goods store. Our economic standing is pretty good I would say, and we can afford to buy what we like. My job used to be as a dry goods clerk for my father, and I had made a decent amount of money, but I felt that I needed more than just money to live a good life. My parents did have some disagreements with me joining the Union Army, but I had finally convinced them to let me go. I had nothing to do with my life, just like many of my friends who had done the same thing, join the war and fight for whats right; freedom, equality, and to be given a true name in history that would be heard from sea to shining sea. I had one sibling, a brother, whose name was Gregory, who died at the Battle of Bull Run at the age of 21, trying to defend the industrious Union lands. Because of this I have gone off to fight against the dirty Southerners, to avenge my brothers death, to free the thousands if not millions of slaves, and to reunite this beautiful land. As you can see, my stand on slavery is that I want all of the innocent slaves to be free, to have them regain their freedom, to stop having them fear whites, and to let them live freely and equally with white men. My education is good since I have gone to the Perdue University, one of the finest universities in all of Indiana. In fact, I had just finished Perdue about four months ago, time sure does fly fast here. And my religion is Christian. I support the Union because they understand how life should be. What I mean is that everyday in the Union ...

Week 3 team assignment outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 3 team assignment outline - Essay Example ICQ, or an internal control questionnaire, has been filled out by the auditors, based on information provided by the internal audit department of Apollo Shoes. That information was pertaining to Revenue Cycle and processing of sales transactions. However, the information was not capable of assessment as a part of Revenue Cycle of Apollos shoes, and the applicability of internal control procedures designed for sales transactions processing, on those transactions, could not be identified. It was necessary for that all Sales transactions would be identified accurately and processed according to the established procedure in order to be capable of going through the process of risk assessment of internal controls. There was another risk of understated revenue and fraud. It is very important that number of sequences should be present on all invoices, shipping documents and processing checks. There was missing information as to the number sequence used for invoices, processing checks and shipping documents in order to ensure completeness. In case of missing invoices, shipping documents and processing checks, it will be difficult to identify and may lead to financial loss, inappropriate quality of relation with suppliers/customers and even Fraud. The above two issues can materially misstate the amount of revenue and receivables, and the quality of work will be affected. These two issues can possibly be an indication of Fraud, and auditors may need to be withdrawn from the audit altogether. It is very necessary for the management to pay close attention to our audit finding and investigate the reasons of any deviations from established control procedures. In case of absence of any related control procedure, management should consult auditors on establishing new internal controls or finding any substitute methods to mitigate the identified

Which elements of the work of John Locke do you think are most Essay

Which elements of the work of John Locke do you think are most important to the law relating to human rights today, and why - Essay Example He is considered as one of the very first English empiricists. His role in the development of the social contract theory still stands out as one of his best contributions. It is noted that his works heavily affected the epistemological and political philosophy development. It is also claimed that his works heavily impacted on the development of Rousseau and Voltaire (Rousseau, S, Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature, Culture and Sensibility. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). The theory of mind by john Locke is often cited as the genesis of modern conceptions of identity and the self. It is Locke who was the first person to define the self in regards to a continuity of consciousness. On the basis of this assertion, John Locke was focusing his attention on the need to observe individual worthiness as opposed to group importance. As it will emerge later in this paper, the major basis of the human rights standing is in regard to individual valuation (Asharvin R, Revolutionary Politics & Lockes Two Treatises of Government, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986). The works of John Locke have pointed out important aspects of religion. In his letters relating to tolerance following the European religious wars, John Locke came up with a classic reasoning. He fronted three arguments that sought to redress the situation. He posed that earthly judges, the state, and human beings cannot fully evaluate truth claims of religious standpoints that were in competition. He followed this by saying that even if they could be in a position to do so; the enforcement of a single religion could equally fail to achieve the desired goals on the belief that violence is never an option in enforcing of rules. He further revealed that coercion to achieve uniformity would lead to further social disorder hence the need to settle for diversity (Ayers, R., Locke, Epistemology & Ontology, Routledge, 1991). As the above case points, the